Featuring air conditioning, The Henry Flagler offers accommodations in Layton. [11] The cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Because Henry Flagler had not yet claimed Florida as his own, Savannah, Georgia was considered to be the last bastion of civilization on the East Coast. Despite her frail health, though, she was the only one of Henry Flagler's three wives to bear him any children. Harry Flagler was the only of Henry Flagler's children who outlived their father. Those first two seasons during which Flagler hosted an innumerable amount of parties, electric light displays, and opulent dinners (all of which were accompanied by music from the best musicians of the time) were met with eager approval by guests and the press. [34] Although her work prompted a huge backlash against the company, Tarbell claims to have been surprised at its magnitude. Flagler also worked as a grain merchant. Ida Alice Shourds became Ida Alice Shourds Flagler in June of 1883 and moved into the Flagler family home the day after their wedding. Chicago: VisitStAugustine.com. In 1913, Henry Flagler passed away after breaking his hip falling down a staircase at Whitehall. The Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler partnership was formed with Flagler in control of Harkness' interest. [33] Ohio was especially vigorous in applying its state anti-trust laws, and finally forced a separation of Standard Oil of Ohio from the rest of the company in 1892, the first step in the dissolution of the trust. The mausoleum adjacent to the church is where Flagler, his daughter, granddaughter and first wife are buried. The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. His business dealings, along with those of partner John D. Rockefeller's, were laid out in painstaking detail by one bold muckraker of the era, Ida It seems that if too many limits had been placed on Henry Flagler's projects, St. Augustine would not be the city we know today. It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to Vaseline petroleum jelly to chewing gum. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. Henry Flagler had realized his dream and slipped quietly from this world at his ocean cottage 'Nautalis' on May 20, 1913, in Palm Beach, Florida. Expert Help. His father, Isaac Flagler, was a Presbyterian minister. Mary Harkness Flagler was the sweet, unpretentious first wife of Henry. He is known as the father of St. Augustine, Mia Here is a list of Flagler's hotels (that he either purchased or built) along Florida's east coast: To learn more about Henry Flagler's East Coast Railway, consult the 'Works Referenced' section at the end of this Historical Person profile. Flagler's wife died shortly after the partnership was formed. Was Colonel Henry Ostrom's first wife Elizabeth FLAGLER? He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. The visionary widow from Ohio bought hundreds of acres at what is now Downtown Miami, moved down on a barge, and eventually convinced railroad man Henry Flagler to extend his new railway to the Miami River by sending him an unusual package. The swamplands south of Savannah were thought of as a dangerous land of rugged enchantment where alligators lurked in the shadows and strange miasme was thought to carry diseases like yellow fever through the damp air. [14] Standard was growing horizontally and vertically. In the kerosene industry, Standard Oil replaced the old distribution system with its own vertical system. Henry Flagler: A Man of Big Dreams Henry Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. [citation needed], When looking back at Flagler's life, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co., reflected, "But that any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush was capable and then have the nerve to build a railroad here, is more marvelous than similar development anywhere else in the world. The year was 1885, the month was April and things were just getting started. [25] The public and the press were immediately suspicious of this new legal entity, and other businesses seized upon the idea and emulated it, further inflaming public sentiment. Last Train to Paradise. You see, during the Gilded Age [and for far too long after it], women could be sent to a mental institution for just about anything. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. Henry Flagler, who was considered the "brain" Rockefeller "Standard Oil," better known perhaps as the creator of the "American Riviera" in Florida (Standiford, pp. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler inherited the majority of Henry Flagler's fortune but was unlucky enough to die of an apparent heart attack, only five years after Flagler's death. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. Finally, Dan Harkness (7 perhaps Henry's favorite sibling), was Henry's mother's son from her first husband. A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. He was 14 years old, and leaving the home of his parents in Hopewell, N.J., to . Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt, became Secretary of Standard Oil. [4], After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. Their efforts to monopolize the oil industry are referred to as the 'Cleveland Massacre,' and though John D. Rockefeller is generally more well-known than Henry Flagler, quotes from Rockefeller credit Flagler with the monopolization idea. In 1853, Flagler married Mary Harkness, the daughter of Lamon Harkness - owner of the general store where he was formerly employed. Knetsch concludes that "Flagler in fact provided health care for his employees and was a far better employer than the press alleged. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. In 1885 he decided to build a luxury hotel there which would attract the country's elite. From various newspapers, 1887 - 1895. When asked by the president of Rollins College in Winter Park about his philanthropic efforts, Flagler reportedly replied, "I believe this state is the easiest place for many men to gain a living. Though a hard worker, Flagler was widely recognized as a ruthless businessman. Congress concluded that newspapers in Florida and across the South spread the deceitful news against Flagler. The Early Years of The Ponce de Leon: Clippings from an Old Scrap Book of those days. Though he didn't recognize him through his medicinal stupor, Henry Flagler's only son, Harry Harkness, was at his father's bedside alongside Mary Lily Kenan Flagler, whom Harry was actually meeting for the first time. However, this kindly nickname does not do justice to the full story of Flagler, who was nearly fifty years old when he first set foot in Florida in 1878. . He was 83 years old. McGuire & McDonald were in charge of construction. That same year Flagler completed the Hotel Continental in Jacksonville. Generally, we are not often able to share specifics about the man himself. Castleden, Louise Decatur. [28], Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. His grandson Solomon changed the spelling of the surname to Flagler and passed it on to his 11 children. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. He was the baby of the household, being born several years after the youngest of his siblings. [62], Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. Melbert Cary died in 1941, and after his death Mary continued to divide her. Henry started spending a great deal more time in Florida, soon claiming the state as his permanent residence. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was an American philanthropist and heiress who became notorious when she married one of the richest men of the Gilded Age. The National Petroleum Exchange opened in Manhattan in late 1882 to facilitate the oil futures trading. The Hotel Alcazar is now the location of St. Augustine City Hall and the Lightner Museum, and the Casa Monica Hotel is still in business to this day. We Floridians have a very specific image of Henry Flagler in our minds: he is an old man with bright eyes cast in bronze. Flagler and Rockefeller then decided to issue certificates against oil stored in Standard Oil's pipelines. Gainesville, FL. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). After many years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and was an instant success. Her eldest daughter, Jennie Louise, was twenty- six. By 1849, Flagler was promoted to the sales staff at a salary of $40 per month. VisitStAugustine.com, 2022. As a gift to Kenan, Flagler built Whitehall, a 55-room winter getaway in Palm Beach. [26] Its share of world oil refining topped out above 90% but slowly dropped to about 80% for the rest of the century. She married Frederick L. Tuttle 1867-1886), and they had two children, Frances Emeline 1868 and Henry 1870. And even Thomas Edison had his hand in this project, having been responsible for wiring the entirety of the Hotel Ponce de Leon with electricity. "[63], Miami's main east-west street is named Flagler Street and is the main shopping street in Downtown Miami. Day 2 - Flagler Legacy Tour - Flagler's Churches - St. Augustine Distillery - Dinner at Ice Plant Bar This morning after breakfast, meet your local guide for a Flagler Legacy Tour. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. See more ideas about flagler, key west, florida. Pennsylvania revoked the cartel's charter, and non-preferential rates were restored for the time being. Two years after her death, he married her nurse, Ida Alice Shourds. (However, when Harry Flagler was asked about this later, he denied that Ida Alice had ever been his mother's nurse.). To further convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, he was offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company, and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company. Along with cheques and stocks, Flagler also gifted his wife with a new estate in Palm Beach, Florida. St. Augustine city officials and businessmen were mostly grateful that Henry Flagler had chosen their little hamlet to 'please himself' by developing it and filling it with tourists. However, Henry Flagler did not join his half-brother. His project to connect the east coast of the United States from top to bottom was completed when the first Florida East Coast Railway car pulled into Key West in 1912. APA: VisitStAugustine.com. It is one of his most significant projects, because it was constructed as a memorial to Flagler's only daughter, Jenny. This was the beginning of the Standard Oil company, which would catapult both men into unimaginable levels of wealth. University Press of Florida. It added its own pipelines, tank cars, and home delivery network. Col Henry Ostrom & Elizabeth Flagler? Flagler and Dan Harkness remained friends and business associates and, in 1852, they opened a distillery. Julia was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1849 to Ephraim Sturtevant and his wife. He had caught the smell of opportunity in Florida and would eventually follow it all the way south to Key West. Flagler controlled a vast fortune, which he earned by buying out small oil refineries and creating a monopoly with Standard Oil. As you can tell, Flagler spared no expense in constructing the Ponce de Leon Hotel, sometimes called 'The Prince of Hotels' by newspapers of the time. One stormy night, Alice is said to have nearly caused a shipwreck by not allowing the captain to return to port for several hours, despite experiencing gale-force winds and seasick friends. It was Henry M. Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 (equivalent to $1.94million in 2021[6]) on the condition that Flagler be made a partner. In February of 1885, the couple took a delayed honeymoon to St. Augustine Ida Alice was thirty-seven and Henry Flagler was fifty-five. It soon was doing one tenth of all the petroleum business in the United States. Nothing major just language that "[made] incurable insanity a ground for divorce.". 1. Perhaps Henry Flagler already planned that he would need a physician to confirm his wife suffered from insanity. You see, demand for salt had risen with the beginning of the war it was necessary for the preservation of food for the troops. Unfortunately, the Key West Extension is viewed as a business failure having "never earned the expected revenue before the Labor Day hurricane of 1935 destroyed it" (Akin 223). He also used labor agencies to bring around 4,000 new immigrants to Florida who contracted to work until their transportation costs had been paid off. Tail tucked in shame, the destitute Flagler family moved back to Ohio in January of 1866. By 1880, according to the New York World, Standard Oil was "the most cruel, impudent, pitiless, and grasping monopoly that ever fastened upon a country. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. At the same time, he began to have an affair with Mary Lily Kenan; by 1899, newspapers began to openly question whether the two were having an affair. The rumor mill suspected that this change in priorities was due to Henry's association with one Ida Alice Shourds a red-haired, green-eyed actress who was rumored to have been Mary Harkness Flagler's nursemaid during her final years. 0:00. Both of Henry's parents had been married previously. The company collapsed when the war undercut commercial demand for salt. Les Standiford (Goodreads Author) (shelved 3 times as henry-flagler) avg rating 4.08 3,518 ratings published 2002. Imagine how many different perspectives a group of people can have about the same topic. By the start of the Civil War in 1861, Rockefeller was brokering most of the Harkness grain. There is also a kitchen, equipped with a dishwasher, oven and microwave. Commander John Flagler, USN. When he was a toddler, his two older half-sisters moved to New York to live with family, and Caroline ('Carrie') and Dan were Henry's constant companions. Although not much is known about Ida Alice Flagler, many sources claim she became fond of opulent parties and leisurely pursuits that were available to the fabulously wealthy. After Mary died Henry married her nurse-caregiver, Ida Alice Shourds. Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offered to buy it for his honeymoon. In the early 1880s, Flagler and Rockefeller created one of their most important innovations. Along with the Ponce de Leon Hotel complex (which included four buildings in total), Flagler was also spending money on the construction of several other projects, including an estate for himself and his second wife, Ida Alice Flagler. Henry Flalger entombed on the right Jennie Louise is currently entombed inside of the church with her infant daughter, Majorie, in her arms. Flagler also met one Dr. Andrew Anderson, who would almost immediately become a lifelong partner and friend. Not much more is known about Henry Flagler's early life. "[35], Flagler and Rockefeller continued to consolidate their oil interests as best they could until New Jersey, in 1909, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. Henry Flagler's first visit to Florida was in the winter of 1878-9. [29] Robert Nobel had established his own refining enterprise in the abundant and cheaper Russian oil fields, including the region's first pipeline and the world's first oil tanker. In fact, this was a struggle that was occurring all over the country. The grand marble building was named by the final Mrs. Flagler herself: "Whitehall." After the death of Flagler's eldest daughter he made it his goal to create the magnificent sanctuary. [citation needed], In 1862, Flagler and his brother-in-law Barney Hamlin York (18331884) founded the Flagler and York Salt Company, a salt mining and production business in Saginaw, Michigan. By the end of the 1870s, Standard was refining over 90% of the oil in the U.S.[15], In 1877, Standard clashed with Thomas A. Scott the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, its chief hauler. Second Marriage, Second Sojourn to St. Augustine After a time, Flagler began to turn over some of his duties at Standard Oil to younger blood. Equivalent to a 15% discount, they put Standard Oil in position to significantly undercut other oil refineries. [39] According to Allan Nevins, in John D. Rockefeller (p 292), "Standard Oil was born as a big enterprise, it had cut its teeth as a partnership and was now ready to plunge forward into a period of greater expansion and development. Henry Flagler's daughter, Jennie Louise Benedict, had a baby girl on February 9, 1889. But they had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me." [17]This subsidiary, the Empire Transportation Company, which Joseph D. Potts created in 1865 and also ran, owned other assets including a small fleet of ships on the Great Lakes. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. "[27] Over time foreign competition and new finds abroad eroded his dominance. Flagler and Rockefeller had envisioned the use of pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them. However, Smith had fallen on some hard times and sold the hotel to Henry Flagler not long after it opened in 1888. Henry Flagler was John D. Rockefeller's most significant business partner at Standard Oil. He built a railroad bridge across the St. Johns River to gain access to the southern half of the state and purchased the Hotel Ormond, just north of Daytona. Showing 1-6 of 6. Flagler was eighteen years older than his 35-year-old bride. So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $784million in 2021). Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. Harkness and Company, at a salary of $5 per month plus room and board. However, a great cloud of bad luck was soon to fall over the Flagler family. In 1897, Flagler opened the exclusive Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River where it overlooked Biscayne Bay. She married Melbert Cary in 1923, and they lived in New York City and Millbrook, NY. Henry Flagler and his wife Ida Alice traveled to Jacksonville, Florida for their honeymoon. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. To get a more in-depth narrative of the life of that building complex, visit The Ponce de Leon Hotel's Historical Place profile on our website. [22] Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. That craze mounted when two months later, Flagler filed for divorce in Dade County and was granted such on August 13th, 1901. This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, which eventually led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part in the deal. VisitStAugustine.com. Standiford, Les. He even owned newspapers in Florida. While the younger Flagler wanted to pursue a career in music, Henry hardly thought that was appropriate for his only son and heir. Eldest daughter Jennie Louise died when she was a young woman (more on her later). His father was Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and great-grandson of Zacharra Flegler, whose family had emigrated from the German Palatinate region to Holland in 1688. This field trip will walk you through the life of Henry Morrison Flagler and the great impact he made on South Florida. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. [20] The New York State Legislature's Hepburn Committee in 1879 conducted hearings in response to the complaints of local merchants that were not involved in the oil trade in order to investigate railroad rebate practices. Last Train to Paradise: Henry Flagler and the Spectacular Rise and Fall of the Railroad that Crossed an Ocean (Paperback) by. Henry Morrison Flagler was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. In 1853, young Henry followed suit when Lamon Harkness' middle daughter, Mary, became his first wife. As elated as the couple was to meet their first and only son, her condition made planning for Harry's future feel disturbingly somber. Because he was famous and successful and he made a lot of things in Florida. Standard Oil had gained an aura of invincibility, always prevailing against competitors, critics, and political enemies. As we know, Flagler's business activity in Florida had earned him the attention of the public as well as state officials. For a time, Ida Alice and Henry Flagler both stayed and entertained guests within Kirkside, but trouble was on the horizon for Flagler and his second wife. In January of 1870 at the age of 40, Flagler officially co-founded Standard Oil alongside John D. Rockefeller. Keys, L. (2015) Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Rise, Fall, and Rebirth of Flagler's Gilded Age Palace. Flagler is quoted to have responded thusly: "There was once a good church member who had always lived a correct life until well advanced in years. [43], When Flagler's first wife Mary (ne Harkness) fell sick, his physician recommended they travel to Jacksonville for the winter to escape the brutal conditions of the North. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." What happened to Henry Flagler's daughter? Played by Tom Amandes. The Awakening of Saint Augustine: The Anderson Family and the Oldest City: 1821-1924. The couple had two daughters, Jennie Louise, born in 1855, and Carrie, born in 1858. For the first time, Flagler was able to experience the warm, sunny atmosphere of Florida. He also built the Alcazar Hotel as an overflow hotel for the Ponce de Leon Hotel. 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