Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. Jane E. Hunt, In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. The two aquifers are separated by mudstones of the Nkappa formation. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. This index minimises the biases associated with small sample size (prey proportions below 10%), rare food items and non-linearity in proportional use over time [6]. Overall, Jacobss indices showed avoidance of small antelopes and megaherbivores (elephant and giraffe) except for female lions which showed a slight preference for elephants in the wet season and consumed giraffe in proportion to their availability in the early and dry seasons (Fig. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. Boreholes. German Development Institute. These sandstones form a productive aquifer, with permeabilities of around 8 to 80 m/day; transmissivities of 300 to 1700 m/day; and a storage coefficient of 0.025. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. We used data from 245 kills and 74 faecal samples. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. British Geological Survey. AMCOW. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. Water weed which has invaded and is choking Harare's main water sources like Lake Chivero. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. Freya Van Kesteren, In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. They typically form small, local aquifers, limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, much of it at subsistence scale with surplus produce sold in local markets. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. Namib Desert Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. Etosha When more than one prey species is available, predators are able to shift prey selection depending on relative prey availability [21]. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. Performed the experiments: ZD JEH FVK. Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. 2006. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. These are smaller sedimentary basins. Please see the Terms of use for more information. Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database. Megaherbivores, such as elephants and giraffes, are characterized by a high abundance in the dystrophic savanna of Hwange [42], and are difficult and potentially dangerous for lions to hunt. In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. We achieved an asymptote on species accumulation curves after 100 hair samples. . They pronk: bounce with all four feet alternatively on and off the ground, for what seems to be pure joy. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Faecal data, mainly representative of female diet, suggest that kudu (revealed as the second main prey for females from kill data) may be an equally important prey species for female lions and that this species may be under-represented by kill data. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. In northeast Cameroon, the Lake Chad basin aquifer is shared with neighbouring countries. The consequence of consumption of such poor quality water is the spread of related diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Water Practice and Technology. A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. Lake Chad In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. 2009. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). The city of Harare is supplied with water from Lakes Chivero and Darwendale or Manyame river, Seke and Harava dams on the outskirts of the city. 23 Views. Across-ecosystems, comparisons of large mammalian carnivore diet have now provided a good understanding of the preferred prey weight range of several carnivore species [6][8], but local studies are still needed to unravel the role of environmental factors and prey availability. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. Some seasonal patterns were suggested for secondary prey, however. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. They can survive days or even weeks without drinking water. Kill analysis revealed 14 different species being utilised by lions (Table 1). Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. We thank Matt Hayward, Craig Tambling and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on a previous draft. Then-Gov. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. 3B and C). Molua EL and Lambi CM. Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. 1). Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. Many springs emerge from hill slopes, some of them thermal (Mafany and Fantong 2006). This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. 2006. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. The Democratic Republic . Cameroon has two major rivers, the Sanaga, the longest at about 525 km (325 miles) long and the Wouri, the largest. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. Jacobss indices based on kills also revealed that female lions showed also a preference for kudu, medium Bovidae and Suidae in all seasons (Fig. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Current address: Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, United Kingdom, Affiliations: For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. Many springs occur. In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. Swakopmund, Pretoria Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. Where is Cameroon in the World? Three seasons are distinguished: the wet season (November-February), with long-term mean rainfall of 513.6160.0 mm, wide spread surface-water availability and abundant, high quality browse and grazing; the early dry season (March-June), long-term mean rainfall of 111.172.8 mm with decreasing fodder quality and surface-water availability; and the late dry season (JulyOctober), long-term mean rainfall of 25.026.6 mm with surface-water restricted to artificial waterholes and very few natural pans, while deciduous trees lose their foliage and both browse and grazing is of the lowest quality during the year. The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. Seasonal variation in the relative contribution by different prey species to lion kills, for males (M) and females (F), distinguishing age class proportions. More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Cameroon can be seen at the Cameroon climate page. Leave a comment Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. The geology map shows a simplified version of the geology at a national scale (see the Geology resources page for more details). Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. 2). Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. 1988. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. In contrast, analysis of faeces tends to be biased against species with less hair, such as elephants, and very large bodied prey for which the body surface/volume ratio is smaller than for smaller species [37], and hence the likelihood of predators eating hairs is smaller. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Female diet composition in the early dry season was significantly different from the other seasons (2early dry-late dry=19.06, df=7, p=0.008; 2early dry-wet=20.34, df=7, p=0.005; 2late dry-wet=14.07, df=7, p=0.05). Our safari planners aren't available now. This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. 62% of elephants were taken in 2005, which was a drought year (rainfall: 330 mm), concurring with increasing relative contribution of elephant to lion kills in the late dry season and peak contribution in the wet season (due to many kills in November before the first rains). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. With the help of hydrology experts and in support of the kenya wildlife service, we have drilled 32 boreholes, including 29 boreholes in the tsavo conservation area. 1). Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(9), 354. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. These are dominantly basalts, with occasional intermediate to acidic phonolites, trachytes and rhyolites, and some loose pyroclastic and tuffaceous ash on the flanks of the volcanic centres. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). Cameroon, a country located in Central Africa, is one of those places. United Nations. This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. 2). 1). Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. Prey species proportional biomass contributing to lion diet, as detected from kills, faecal samples and observed hunts. Bold dashed lines indicate means. 2013. The frequency of occurrence of species in the faecal dataset was highest for kudu (24%) followed by buffalo and medium Bovidae (each representing 18%; the medium Bovidae class is dominated by sable and eland for faecal data), small antelopes (17%), and giraffe (7%) collectively contributing 84% of the species found in faecal samples (Table 2). The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. Responsibility for the construction and management of rural wells and boreholes has been transferred to communes (AMCOW 2011). The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. In Douala, studies have shown nitrate pollution (Wirmvem et al. Some groundwater in deeper aquifers contains low oxygen and corresponding high iron and even hydrogen sulphate gas (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Contrastingly during wet seasons, pools of water are more available throughout the landscape and herbivore distributions more homogeneous and dispersed. For more information see the climate resource page. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: Miniature waterfalls sprung up overnight cascading down rocky outcrops and bursting over gullies, only to disappear again at the first sign of sunshine. 2011. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. Karoo Conservation of the trees around this water source has helped to keep it flowing. Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. Average distance-to-water revealed that lions typically kill between 1 and 4 km from a waterhole, with elephant and giraffe being the species killed most often the closest to a waterhole, and kudu and small antelopes killed the furthest away (Fig. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. During the study period, adult male and female lions were sighted together in only 7% of the sightings (n=1710). Chambers One, 27 Willie van Sossusvlei Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! Of the 322 billion cubic meters of total available water resources, groundwater constitutes 21% (57 billion cubic meters) of this resource (Ako Ako et al. Your email address will not be published. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. Finally, faecal analyses revealed a significant proportional occurrence of small antelopes in lion diet (17%). This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). 2017. Further, it revealed the opportunistic hunting behaviour of lions for prey as diverse as elephants and mice, with elephants taken mostly as juveniles at the end of the dry season during droughts. Sossusvlei As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. cameroon water resources for lions. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. View our recommended safaris for inspiration and get ready to plan your dream safari, Contact us or fill out an enquiry form and one of our travel experts will help you tailor make your perfect safari, Enjoy an authentic African experience, with peace of mind, Namibia This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. There are a number of natural lakes in Cameroon. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). 1). Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Seasonal variation in relative contribution to lion kills by different prey species are shown in Fig. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. Certain details were gradually implemented to ensure that the environment of the areas where they were detained were close to if not identical to the habitat where they originally lived in. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. Working to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and nature. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Some of the most mineralised groundwater is in volcanic aquifers, but the most mineralised are springs in the Mamf basin that are related to evaporites. For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Shy, grumpy, prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away. Additionally, giraffe were consumed in proportion to their availability in the early and late dry seasons by female lions, and contributed 18% of biomass to female lion diet. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. 2009). The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. was vernee watson on sesame street, form 1024 texas health and human services, what is the difference between clr and clr pro, why did islands restaurant close, jon hamm siblings, josephine rogers otis williams first wife, joan miller mi5, first officer james schifferns, windsor detroit tunnel wait times, digital transformation project names, dupont family inbreeding, waymo office locations, tulane coordinate major, betsy woodruff jaw crooked, military funeral honors gun salute,

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