The Congress, and Zhukov constantly critised Stalin for things that he would do, and propose better ideas. [733] He rarely spoke before large audiences, and preferred to express himself in written form. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. "[694], Stalin adhered to the Leninist variant of Marxism. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was eventually succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who subsequently denounced his rule and initiated the de-Stalinisation of Soviet society. [383] Government policiesincluding the focus on rapid industrialisation, the socialisation of livestock, and the emphasis on sown areas over crop rotationexacerbated the problem;[388] the state had also failed to build reserve grain stocks for such an emergency. [907] Wheatcroft and historian R. W. Davies estimate famine deaths at 5.56.5million[908] while scholar Steven Rosefielde gives a number of 8.7million. [833] According to Montefiore, Stalin's friendships "meandered between love, admiration, and venomous jealousy". The first Five Year Plan launched in 1928, focused on the growth of iron and steel, electric power, machine-tools and transport. The Truth Stalin suffered a major stroke on March 1, 1953, but treatment was delayed from reaching him as a direct result of his actions over the previous decades. [471], The speed of the German victory over and occupation of France in mid-1940 took Stalin by surprise. I saw Hitler many, many times, and Goering and Goebbels. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. [689] He also believed that this proletarian state would need to introduce repressive measures against foreign and domestic "enemies" to ensure the full crushing of the propertied classes,[690] and thus the class war would intensify with the advance of socialism. It comprised the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian Social Republic, the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republic. [482] The German Wehrmacht pushed deep into Soviet territory;[483] soon, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and the Baltic states were under German occupation, and Leningrad was under siege;[484] and Soviet refugees were flooding into Moscow and surrounding cities. [596] Stalin also tried to maximise Soviet influence on the world stage, unsuccessfully pushing for Libyarecently liberated from Italian occupationto become a Soviet protectorate. [872] Stalin's necessity for Soviet Union's economic development has been questioned, and it has been argued that Stalin's policies from 1928 onwards may have only been a limiting factor. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [222] In December 1918, he drew up decrees recognising Marxist-governed Soviet republics in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia;[223] during the civil war these Marxist governments were overthrown and the Baltic countries became fully independent of Russia, an act Stalin regarded as illegitimate. [408] Stalin took a strong personal involvement in the Spanish situation. [651] He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. [652] He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. leader Sanjay Raut to join Rahul Gandhi's 'padyatra' in J&K . [347], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. I stand on the ground of the latter". [791] By the 1920s, he was also suspicious and conspiratorial, prone to believing that people were plotting against him and that there were vast international conspiracies behind acts of dissent. [50] Remaining underground, he helped plan a demonstration for May Day 1901, in which 3,000 marchers clashed with the authorities. [555], After the war, Stalin wasaccording to Serviceat the "apex of his career". But he was not a good leader. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. "[935][936] In early 2010, a new monument to Stalin was erected in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. [496] During the war, Stalin was more tolerant of the Russian Orthodox Church, allowing it to resume some of its activities and meeting with Patriarch Sergius in September 1943. He attracted a group of supporters through his classes in socialist theory[46] and co-organised a secret workers' mass meeting for May Day 1900,[47] at which he successfully encouraged many of the men to take strike action. [285] Although Zinoviev was concerned about Stalin's growing authority, he rallied behind him at the 13th Congress as a counterweight to Trotsky, who now led a party faction known as the Left Opposition. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[911] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [284] While Lenin had been ill Stalin had forged an anti-Trotsky alliance with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Fair leadership doesn't use power to make arbitrary and . [215] During the war, he proved his worth to the Central Committee, displaying decisiveness, determination, and willingness to take on responsibility in conflict situations. For other uses, see. [271] During the 13th Party Congress in May 1924, "Lenin's Testament" was read only to the leaders of the provincial delegations. [564] He was also concerned about his returning armies, who had been exposed to a wide range of consumer goods in Germany, much of which they had looted and brought back with them. [722] It has been argued that his ancestry was Ossetian, because his genetic haplotype (G2a-Z6653) is considered typical of the Ossetians, but he never acknowledged an Ossetian identity. [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. [673] The new leaders sought rapprochement with Yugoslavia and a less hostile relationship with the U.S.,[674] pursuing a negotiated end to the Korean War in July 1953. [413] This mixed approach began to change in December 1934, after prominent party member Sergey Kirov was murdered. 18991904: Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, 19051912: Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath, 19121917: Rise to the Central Committee and editorship of, 19271931: Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation, 19451947: Post-war reconstruction and famine, In the Soviet Union and its successor states, Despite abolishing the office of General Secretary in 1952, Stalin continued to exercise its powers as the, After Stalin's death, Georgy Malenkov succeeded him as both. [763] This gained widespread acceptance outside the Soviet Union during his lifetime but was misleading. [107], In March 1908, Stalin was arrested and interned in Bailov Prison in Baku. [554] Germany was divided into four zones: Soviet, U.S., British, and French, with Berlin itselflocated within the Soviet areaalso subdivided thusly. [649] In 1952, he also eliminated the Politburo and replaced it with a larger version which he called the Presidium. [439] His motives in doing so have been much debated by historians. "If Stalin was such a bad guy, why do all these people have to resort to attributing to him almost entirely quotes he didn't make, or manipulate his actual quotes just enough to make them seem evil?" Joseph Stalin 19 likes Like "We don't let them have ideas. [718] Stalin's push for Soviet westward expansion into eastern Europe resulted in accusations of Russian imperialism. [534] As the Red Army reconquered the Caucasus and Crimea, various ethnic groups living in the regionthe Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushi, Karachai, Balkars, and Crimean Tatarswere accused of having collaborated with the Germans. The details of the assassination still remain a mystery, but much circumstantial evidence indicates that the head of the Soviet secret police planned Kirov's murder on orders from Stalin. [616] Monarchy was abolished in Bulgaria and Romania. [168] In Lenin's absence, Stalin continued editing Pravda and served as acting leader of the Bolsheviks, overseeing the party's Sixth Congress, which was held covertly. According to Montefiore, theirs was "a true love match";[843] Volkogonov suggested that she was "probably the one human being he had really loved". A 2012 survey commissioned by the Carnegie Endowment found 38% of Armenians concurring that their country "will always have need of a leader like Stalin. [609] In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from MarxistLeninist doctrine. [174] A Bolshevik-controlled ship, the Aurora, opened fire on the Winter Palace; the Provisional Government's assembled delegates surrendered and were arrested by the Bolsheviks. [451] Militarily, the Soviets also faced a threat from the east, with Soviet troops clashing with the expansionist Japanese in the latter part of the 1930s. "Today someone is lamenting that the name of Tamil Nadu should not be used. [261] The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. [587] Tensions among these former Allies grew,[557] resulting in the Cold War. [84] On arrival, he met Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, who informed him that the venue had been moved to Tampere in the Grand Duchy of Finland. [557] Aware that these countries had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Stalin referred to them not as "dictatorships of the proletariat" but as "people's democracies", suggesting that in these countries there was a pro-socialist alliance combining the proletariat, peasantry, and lower middle-class. [842], Stalin married his first wife, Ekaterina Svanidze, in 1906. [460] On 17 September, the Red Army entered eastern Poland, officially to restore order amid the collapse of the Polish state. [425] There were mass expulsions from the party,[426] with Stalin commanding foreign communist parties to also purge anti-Stalinist elements. [647] In October 1952, Stalin gave an hour and a half speech at the Central Committee plenum. However, the party was not fully under his control. [320] Large numbers died during the journey. [918] Gorbachev saw the total denunciation of Stalin as necessary for the regeneration of Soviet society. [415] After the murder, Stalin became increasingly concerned by the threat of assassination, improved his personal security, and rarely went out in public. [830] Kotkin observed that Stalin "generally gravitated to people like himself: parvenu intelligentsia of humble background". [243] Stalin opposed the idea of separate Georgian, Armenian, and Azeri autonomous republics, arguing that these would likely oppress ethnic minorities within their respective territories; instead he called for a Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. 03:14. [144], In February 1913, Stalin was arrested while back in Saint Petersburg. [904] In addition, while archival data shows that 1,053,829 perished in the Gulag from 1934 to 1953,[905] the current historical consensus is that of the 18million people who passed through the Gulag system from 1930 to 1953, between 1.5 and 1.7million died as a result of their incarceration. [628] When the Israeli ambassador Golda Meir arrived in the USSR, Stalin was angered by the Jewish crowds who gathered to greet her. [16] Ekaterine worked as a house cleaner and launderer and was determined to send her son to school. [218] The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga. [777] He acknowledged that he could be rude and insulting,[778] but he rarely raised his voice in anger;[779] as his health deteriorated in later life he became increasingly unpredictable and bad-tempered. [693] During the period of his revolutionary activity, Stalin regarded some of Lenin's views and actions as being the self-indulgent activities of a spoiled migr, deeming them counterproductive for those Bolshevik activists based within the Russian Empire itself. [709] Following Lenin's death, Stalin contributed to the theoretical debates within the Communist Party, namely by developing the idea of "Socialism in One Country". [418] Stalin issued a decree establishing NKVD troikas which could mete out rulings without involving the courts. [667], Stalin left neither a designated successor nor a framework within which a peaceful transfer of power could take place. It repels the effects of negativity, prevents abuse of power and of justice, is contagious and promotes self-accountability. [367] Through the Communist International, Stalin's government exerted a strong influence over Marxist parties elsewhere in the world;[368] initially, Stalin left the running of the organisation largely to Bukharin. Vladimir Lenin, leader of the former Bolshevik Party and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, died on the 21st of January in 1924. [314] At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev. [817] His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities. [267], Lenin died in January 1924. [1] [2] He has led campaigns against the militarisation of education in Sri Lanka. [506] That year, Hitler shifted his primary goal from an overall victory on the Eastern Front, to the goal of securing the oil fields in the southern Soviet Union crucial to a long-term German war effort. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. Widely considered to be one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international MarxistLeninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. [742] By 1907, he grew his hair long and often wore a beard; for clothing, he often wore a traditional Georgian chokha or a red satin shirt with a grey coat and black fedora. [872] Under his rule, the average Soviet life expectancy grew due to improved living conditions, nutrition and medical care[873] as mortality rates also declined. 2 [787] He was capable of self-righteous indignation,[788] and was resentful,[789] and vindictive,[790] holding on to grudges for many years. [211] His use of state violence and terror was at a greater scale than most Bolshevik leaders approved of;[212] for instance, he ordered several villages to be torched to ensure compliance with his food procurement program. [70] Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura,[71] Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene. [474] To demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, in April 1941 the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Japan. [418] By the latter part of 1937, the purges had moved beyond the party and were affecting the wider population. [870] Service suggested that the country might have collapsed long before 1991 without Stalin. [802] His taste in music and theatre was conservative, favouring classical drama, opera, and ballet over what he dismissed as experimental "formalism". [262] Lenin accused Stalin of "Great Russian chauvinism"; Stalin accused Lenin of "national liberalism". [172] In the early hours of 25 October, Stalin joined Lenin in a Central Committee meeting in the Smolny Institute, from where the Bolshevik coup the October Revolution was directed. Reason 3: He was Stalin Reason 4: He killed between six million and 20 million people. [171], On 24 October, police raided the Bolshevik newspaper offices, smashing machinery and presses; Stalin salvaged some of this equipment to continue his activities. [463] The two states continued trading, undermining the British blockade of Germany. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. 00447, listing 268,950 people for arrest, of whom 75,950 were executed. [652] According to a report published in The New York Times, Stalin was poisoned with warfarin by his own Politburo members. On December 1, 1934, less than a year after he was mentioned as a possible replacement for Stalin, Sergei Kirov was assassinated. [569] The NKVD recorded that between 26 and 27 million Soviet citizens had been killed, with millions more being wounded, malnourished, or orphaned. Fair warning: if the title isn't enough of a clue, there's a lot in this game . [510] In December 1942, he placed Konstantin Rokossovski in charge of holding the city. [522] Churchill flew to Moscow to visit Stalin in August 1942 and again in October 1944. Hundreds of thousands of people came to see the Generalissimo in the mausoleum. [457] Stalin saw this as an opportunity both for territorial expansion and temporary peace with Germany. [394], In 193536, Stalin oversaw a new constitution; its dramatic liberal features were designed as propaganda weapons, for all power rested in the hands of Stalin and his Politburo. [292] At the 14th Party Congress in December, they launched an attack against Stalin's faction, but it was unsuccessful. [94] He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress, held at the Brotherhood Church in London in MayJune 1907. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941. [386] The 1931 and 1932 harvests had been poor ones because of weather conditions[387] and had followed several years in which lower productivity had resulted in a gradual decline in output. [189], Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. [743] From mid-1918 until his death he favoured military-style clothing, in particular long black boots, light-coloured collarless tunics, and a gun. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin at least since 2008. Born to a poor family in Gori in the Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin attended the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary before joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. As a result of his Five-Year Plans, the country underwent agricultural collectivisation and rapid industrialisation, creating a centralised command economy. On June 11, 1937, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin had 8 of his top army generals executed as part of The Great Purge. [737][738] His mustached face was pock-marked from smallpox during childhood; this was airbrushed from published photographs. [507] While Red Army generals saw evidence that Hitler would shift efforts south, Stalin considered this to be a flanking move in a renewed effort to take Moscow. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. With these considerations in mind, this 4-step process can be used in any situation in which you want to ensure a fair and less-biased outcome: 1. [580] In the Leningrad Affair, the city's leadership was purged amid accusations of treachery; executions of many of the accused took place in 1950. [173] Bolshevik militia seized Petrograd's electric power station, main post office, state bank, telephone exchange, and several bridges. [779] He lacked compassion,[785] something Volkogonov suggested might have been accentuated by his many years in prison and exile,[786] although he was capable of acts of kindness to strangers, even amid the Great Terror. [597] He sent Molotov as his representative to San Francisco to take part in negotiations to form the United Nations, insisting that the Soviets have a place on the Security Council. Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin terrorised his own people, but for the first time a survey suggests . [774] He was a good organiser,[775] with a strategic mind,[776] and judged others according to their inner strength, practicality, and cleverness. [684] According to scholar Robert Service, Stalin's "few innovations in ideology were crude, dubious developments of Marxism". [220] By that time, Sovnarkom had turned its attention to spreading proletarian revolution abroad, to this end forming the Communist International in March 1919; Stalin attended its inaugural ceremony. Explanation: No, Stalin was not a fair leader. [593], The U.S. began pushing its interests on every continent, acquiring air force bases in Africa and Asia and ensuring pro-U.S. regimes took power across Latin America. [581], In the post-war period there were often food shortages in Soviet cities,[582] and the USSR experienced a major famine from 1946 to 1947. No one died on that day. [232] In Moscow, Lenin and Trotsky blamed him for his behaviour in the PolishSoviet war. [162] In April, Stalin came third in the Bolshevik elections for the party's Central Committee; Lenin came first and Zinoviev came second. Lenin called for establishment of a new federation named the "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", reflecting his desire for expansion across the two continents and insisted that the Russian state should join this union on equal terms with the other Soviet states. [804] Little of this was fiction,[805] although he could cite passages from Alexander Pushkin, Nikolay Nekrasov, and Walt Whitman by heart. His gang ambushed the armed convoy in Erivan Square with gunfire and home-made bombs. "[837] However, Montefiore noted that in his early life Stalin "rarely seems to have been without a girlfriend. [421] The first Moscow Trial took place in August 1936; Kamenev and Zinoviev were among those accused of plotting assassinations, found guilty in a show trial, and executed. "[886] McDermott stated that Stalin had "concentrated unprecedented political authority in his hands. [427], Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. [442] The Great Terror ended when Yezhov was removed as the head of the NKVD, to be replaced by Lavrentiy Beria,[443] a man totally devoted to Stalin. [273], As General Secretary, Stalin had a free hand in making appointments to his own staff, implanting his loyalists throughout the party and administration. [170] Lenin returned to Petrograd and secured a majority in favour of a coup at a meeting of the Central Committee on 10 October. As leader of a highly centralised dictatorship Josef Stalin inevitably played a pivotal part in every area of the Soviet war effort during the Great Patriotic War (1941-45). Joseph Stalin (trade unionist) Joseph Stalin is a Sri Lankan trade unionist, as of 2022 serving as general secretary of the Ceylon Teachers' Union. In 1961, just eight years later, the Soviet government ordered Stalin's remains removed from the tomb. Stalin made a decision to use his power over the country to raise production. [268] Stalin took charge of the funeral and was one of its pallbearers; against the wishes of Lenin's widow, the Politburo embalmed his corpse and placed it within a mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square. "[824] Conquest stated that although Stalin had Jewish associates, he promoted anti-Semitism. "[845] They had a son, Yakov, who often frustrated and annoyed Stalin. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. [179], On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"). [852] Stalin regarded Vasily as spoiled and often chastised his behaviour; as Stalin's son, Vasily nevertheless was swiftly promoted through the ranks of the Red Army and allowed a lavish lifestyle. 6 December]1878[4][i] and baptised on 29 December. [901] Stalin has also been accused of genocide in the cases of forced population transfer of ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and the famine in Ukraine. [692] Service argued that Stalin's Marxism was imbued with a great deal of Russian nationalism. [259] Another disagreement came over the Georgian affair, with Lenin backing the Georgian Central Committee's desire for a Georgian Soviet Republic over Stalin's idea of a Transcaucasian one. [455] On 3 May 1939, Stalin replaced his western-oriented foreign minister Maxim Litvinov with Vyacheslav Molotov. [579] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. [376], Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government. [448] According to historian James Harris, contemporary archival research shows that the motivation behind the purges was not Stalin attempting to establish his own personal dictatorship; evidence suggests he was committed to building the socialist state envisioned by Lenin. [118] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. Publicly, the cause of death was given as appendicitis; Stalin also concealed the real cause of death from his children. Stalin, in his tweet described Yadav as a tall socialist leader. [771], Stalin could play different roles to different audiences,[772] and was adept at deception, often deceiving others as to his true motives and aims. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, massacres, and detention and interrogation by . [937] In December 2010, unknown persons decapitated it and it was destroyed in a bomb attack in 2011. [808] Lenin was his favourite author but he also read, and sometimes appreciated, a great deal of writing by Leon Trotsky and other arch-enemies. This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us. [75] Stalin was in Baku in February when ethnic violence broke out between Armenians and Azeris; at least 2,000 were killed. [710] He first developed the idea in December 1924 and elaborated upon in his writings of 192526. [270] To bolster his image as a devoted Leninist, Stalin gave nine lectures at Sverdlov University on the "Foundations of Leninism", later published in book form. Though Hitler and Stalin never met or even spoke on the telephone, their lives and fates were inextricably linked. The first step in Stalin's rise to power was to eliminate his opponent. [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. In 1939, his regime signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. [644], From 1946 until his death, Stalin only gave three public speeches, two of which lasted only a few minutes. Here are 10 facts about Joseph Stalin. [883] According to Kotkin, Stalin "built a personal dictatorship within the Bolshevik dictatorship. [832] Stalin was sociable and enjoyed a joke. [69] Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. [942], "Stalin" redirects here. [62], Stalin left Batum in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), was the co-leader of the 1917 Russian Revolution, socialist opponent of Joseph Stalin, founder of the Fourth International, and strategist of world socialist revolution . [642] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [825] Service cautioned that there was "no irrefutable evidence" of anti-Semitism in Stalin's published work, although his private statements and public actions were "undeniably reminiscent of crude antagonism towards Jews";[826] he added that throughout Stalin's lifetime, the Georgian "would be the friend, associate or leader of countless individual Jews". [272] Embarrassed by its contents, Stalin offered his resignation as General Secretary; this act of humility saved him and he was retained in the position. Lenin was seen as the figure head of the Communist Party, Stalin used this to his advantage in winning over the Russia population. [130] In late 1912, Stalin twice crossed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Cracow,[131] eventually bowing to Lenin's opposition to reunification with the Mensheviks. [343] The last elements of workers' control over industry were removed, with factory managers increasing their authority and receiving privileges and perks;[344] Stalin defended wage disparity by pointing to Marx's argument that it was necessary during the lower stages of socialism. [381] In 1936, Nikolai Yezhov became head of the NKVD. [585] While agricultural production stagnated, Stalin focused on a series of major infrastructure projects, including the construction of hydroelectric plants, canals, and railway lines running to the polar north. [816] As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers,[817] and later in life he became a keen gardener. [371] This preoccupation with opposing rival leftists concerned Bukharin, who regarded the growth of fascism and the far right across Europe as a far greater threat. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [44], In October 1899, Stalin began work as a meteorologist at the Tiflis observatory. Joseph Stalin was the leader of Soviet Russia from the mid-1920s to his death in 1953. [719], Ethnically Georgian,[720] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[721] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. Stalin was born in the Georgian town of Gori,[2] then part of the Tiflis Governorate of the Russian Empire and home to a mix of Georgian, Azeri, Armenian, Russian, and Jewish communities. Well, no. [374] He was faced with the problem that there were few Marxists left in Eastern Europe, with most having been killed by the Nazis. [900], With a high number of excess deaths occurring under his rule, Stalin has been labelled "one of the most notorious figures in history. He argued that Jewish nationalism, particularly Zionism, was hostile to socialism. [307] Here, he argued for the concept of "Socialism in One Country", which he presented as an orthodox Leninist perspective. [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. By highlighting the ways in which Stalin manufactured charisma, this article will show how the 'cult of personality' can be viewed as a legitimation technique using manufactured charisma as a tool. [295] The factionalist arguments continued, with Stalin threatening to resign in October and then December 1926 and again in December 1927. "[838] Montefiore described Stalin's favoured types as "young, malleable teenagers or buxom peasant women,"[839] who would be supportive and unchallenging toward him. [330] Famine broke out in many areas,[331] with the Politburo frequently ordering distribution of emergency food relief to these regions. [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. [43] Stalin left the seminary in April 1899 and never returned. [29] He continued writing poetry; five of his poems, on themes such as nature, land and patriotism, were published under the pseudonym of "Soselo" in Ilia Chavchavadze's newspaper Iveria (Georgia). [39] Stalin devoted himself to Marx's socio-political theory, Marxism,[40] which was then on the rise in Georgia, one of various forms of socialism opposed to the empire's governing tsarist authorities. [704] In his words, "the people need a Tsar, whom they can worship and for whom they can live and work". Demanding that Trotsky, Zinoviev and Kamenev apologise to the Party for the errors when they lost votes at the Party Congress. [877] Various biographers have described him as a dictator,[878] an autocrat,[879] or accused him of practising Caesarism. [65] His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. [26], In August 1894, Stalin enrolled in the Orthodox Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis, enabled by a scholarship that allowed him to study at a reduced rate. [747], As leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin typically awoke around 11am,[748] with lunch being served between 3 and 5pm and dinner no earlier than 9pm;[749] he then worked late into the evening. [597] In contrast to his approach to the Baltic states, he rejected the proposal of merging the new communist states into the Soviet Union, rather recognising them as independent nation-states. [91], Stalin married Kato Svanidze in an Orthodox church ceremony at Senaki in July 1906. The first four years were years of intense labor on the part of Soviet people in carrying out the Third Five-Year Plan. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. In his governance, Stalin was inspired by the ideologies of both Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin and merged to two to form the Stalinism ideology, a form of socialism that . Machiavelli in our time. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [608] There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. [626] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [604] He demanded that war reparations be paid by Germany and its Axis allies Hungary, Romania, and the Slovak Republic. [494] Amid the fighting, both the German and Soviet armies disregarded the law of war set forth in the Geneva Conventions;[495] the Soviets heavily publicised Nazi massacres of communists, Jews, and Romani. [416] State repression intensified after Kirov's death;[417] Stalin instigated this, reflecting his prioritisation of security above other considerations. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [855] After the Second World War, he made little time for his children and his family played a decreasingly important role in his life. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained popularity in Russia and Georgia as a victorious wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a leading world power. [669] The system of collective leadership was restored, and measures introduced to prevent any one member from attaining autocratic domination. [731] Described as a poor orator,[732] according to Volkogonov, Stalin's speaking style was "simple and clear, without flights of fancy, catchy phrases or platform histrionics". [298] Some of those United Opposition members who were repentant were later rehabilitated and returned to government. [120] In February 1912, Stalin again escaped to Saint Petersburg,[121] tasked with converting the Bolshevik weekly newspaper, Zvezda ("Star") into a daily, Pravda ("Truth"). A+. Whereas Lenin believed that all countries across Europe and Asia would readily unite as a single state following proletariat revolution, Stalin argued that national pride would prevent this, and that different socialist states would have to be formed; in his view, a country like Germany would not readily submit to being part of a Russian-dominated federal state. [98], In Baku, Stalin secured Bolshevik domination of the local RSDLP branch[99] and edited two Bolshevik newspapers, Bakinsky Proletary and Gudok ("Whistle"). [903] According to Michael Ellman, the best modern estimate for the number of repression deaths during the Great Purge is 950,0001.2million, which includes executions, deaths in detention, or soon after their release. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia. [728] Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship. Although he was a tyrannical leader, putting in place the most totalitarian, repressive regime history had seen, Stalin can be credited with the fruition of the communist socio-economic project in Russia, the extension of its model to other neighboring countries and the conversion of the USSR into a great power, without rivals in the region. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. [407], When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Soviets sent 648 aircraft and 407 tanks to the left-wing Republican faction; these were accompanied by 3,000 Soviet troops and 42,000 members of the International Brigades set up by the Communist International. Like with the order 227, everyone in the high command called it a stupid order and for Stalin to remove it. [428] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. Submitted by sgel on June 17, 2011. Stalin's choices of policies (NEP and socialism in one country) During the beginning of the struggle for power after Lenin died Stalin formed an alliance with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1923, this was purely to keep Trotsky out of power. [910], Shortly after his death, the Soviet Union went through a period of de-Stalinization. [109] He was eventually sentenced to two years exile in the village of Solvychegodsk, Vologda Province, arriving there in February 1909. [466] Embarrassed by their inability to defeat the Finns, the Soviets signed an interim peace treaty, in which they received territorial concessions from Finland. [149] In or about December 1914, their child was born but the infant soon died. [3] "Charismatic rule has long been neglected and ridiculed, but apparently it has deep roots and becomes a powerful stimulus once the proper psychological and social doubt that millions believe in it" (Neumann, 1942: p. 75). [822] After Stalin's death, Khrushchev claimed that Stalin encouraged him to incite anti-Semitism in Ukraine, allegedly telling him that "the good workers at the factory should be given clubs so they can beat the hell out of those Jews. . [420], Stalin orchestrated the arrest of many former opponents in the Communist Party as well as sitting members of the Central Committee: denounced as Western-backed mercenaries, many were imprisoned or exiled internally. [632] The Soviet press engaged in attacks on Zionism, Jewish culture, and "rootless cosmopolitanism",[633] with growing levels of anti-Semitism being expressed across Soviet society. But whether that's the case will likely forever remain a matter of speculation, Brent and Naumov concluded in Stalin's Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948-1953 . Check out our stalin leader selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. [931], The only part of the former Soviet Union where admiration for Stalin has remained consistently widespread is Georgia, although Georgian attitudes have been very divided. [613] In accordance with their earlier agreements, the Western powers expected Poland to become an independent state with free democratic elections. [465] International opinion backed Finland, with the Soviets being expelled from the League of Nations. [96] After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son. [195] The decree's purpose was primarily strategic; the Bolsheviks wanted to gain favour among ethnic minorities but hoped that the latter would not actually desire independence. [276] Stalin had much contact with young party functionaries,[277] and the desire for promotion led many provincial figures to seek to impress Stalin and gain his favour. [481] The German tactic of blitzkrieg was initially highly effective; the Soviet air force in the western borderlands was destroyed within two days. [196] His department allocated funds for establishment of presses and schools in the languages of various ethnic minorities. [491] With Order No. [782], Stalin was ruthless,[783] temperamentally cruel,[784] and had a propensity for violence high even among the Bolsheviks. [93] By that year according to the historian Robert Service Stalin had established himself as "Georgia's leading Bolshevik". [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. "The death of Stalin on March 5,. [450] He sought to maintain Soviet neutrality, hoping that a German war against France and Britain would lead to Soviet dominance in Europe. [67] He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. He was in bed. [538] An agreement was also made that a post-war Polish government should be a coalition consisting of both communist and conservative elements. Myth [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. Though each loathed and feared the other, there was much Hitler and Stalin had in common. [692] The new state would then be able to ensure that all citizens had access to work, food, shelter, healthcare, and education, with the wastefulness of capitalism eliminated by a new, standardised economic system. [56] After several strike leaders were arrested, he co-organised a mass public demonstration which led to the storming of the prison; troops fired upon the demonstrators, 13 of whom were killed. [512] The Soviet victory there marked a major turning point in the war;[513] in commemoration, Stalin declared himself Marshal of the Soviet Union. Bolshevik leaders appointed themselves to many high offices and started implementing communist practices based on Marx's ideology. Stalin, however, did this strategically, executing the murder of Vladimir Lenin in a guiltless manner. [678] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[678] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. He further states the estimate is far lower than the estimates of 20million or above which were made before access to the archives. 03:28. Chennai (Tamil Nadu) [India], January 14 (ANI) Tamil Nadu Chief Minister MK Stalin on Saturday took a veiled dig at Governor RN Ravi without mentioning his name during a Youth wing event organised to remember DMK founder Peraringar Anna. [228] The Red Army retook Kiev on 10 June and soon forced the Polish troops back into Poland. [234] At the 9th Bolshevik Conference in late September, Trotsky accused Stalin of "strategic mistakes" in his handling of the war. [795] Stalin also enjoyed watching films late at night at cinemas installed in the Kremlin and his dachas. Born: December 8, 1878 in Gori, Georgia. [123], In May 1912, he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy Prison, before being sentenced to three years exile in Siberia. [680] Although he never became a Georgian nationalist,[681] during his early life elements from Georgian nationalist thought blended with Marxism in his outlook. [207] He befriended two military figures, Kliment Voroshilov and Semyon Budyonny, who would form the nucleus of his military and political support base. The Soviets invaded Finland in November 1939, yet despite numerical inferiority, the Finns kept the Red Army at bay. [159] In a celebratory mood, Stalin travelled by train to Petrograd in March. [535] Over one million people were deported as a result of the policy. [251] For Lenin, it was advantageous to have a key ally in this crucial post.[252]. addressing the closing ceremony of the chennai international book fair that began on monday, stalin said the state government has allotted rs 3 crore as translation grants and rs 6 crore for. [53], That month, Stalin travelled to the port city of Batum. Stalin promotes an image of himself as a great benevolent leader and hero of the Soviet Union. [432] His personal writings from the period were according to Khlevniuk "unusually convoluted and incoherent", filled with claims about enemies encircling him. From 1934 to 1940 Stalin had vast numbers of government, party, and army officials murdered to satisfy his paranoid delusions that everyone was out to get him. [595] [219], The Bolsheviks won the Russian civil war by the end of 1919. [584] Current estimates indicate that between one million and 1.5million people died from malnutrition or disease as a result. [621] Stalin was concerned that Mao might follow Tito's example by pursuing a course independent of Soviet influence, and made it known that if displeased he would withdraw assistance from China; the Chinese desperately needed said assistance after decades of civil war. whatcom county court clerk, helen walker szukalski, lady gaga tickets chicago 2022, tie dye kit family dollar, army pistol qualification scores, michael ball accident, boulder rock vape problems, samsung channel initialisation enable or disable, , sylvia harris work, https miwaters deq state mi us miwaters external publicnotice search, ellyse perry sophie molineux relationship, hult international business school academic calendar, yamaha mx88 vs modx8, how strict is cfa work experience,

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